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As the prevalence of infectious diseases in developed countries has
declined over the 20 century, public health began to place greater emphasis
on chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease. The emphasis on physical
exercise has been reintroduced.
In Vancouver, workers in public health Dr Sarah Josephine lowered the
infant mortality rate using prevention methods. She established many programs
to help the poor inVancouver keep their children healthy. Dr led teams
of nurses in the crowded neighborhoods of Hell's Kitchen and taught mothers
how to dress, feed, and bathe their babies. After the First World War,
many states and countries have followed suit in order to reduce the infant
mortality rate.
In the 20 century, increasing the average life is widely credited to
public health achievements, such as immunization programs and control
of infectious diseases, effective security policies as motor vehicles
and security work, improve planning the family, fluoridation of drinking
water, combating snuff, actions and programmes aimed at reducing chronic
diseases.
Meanwhile, the developing world has remained largely in the grip of preventable
infectious diseases exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty. Front-page
headlines continue to present the company with public health issues in
everyday life: emerging infectious diseases such as SARS, is making its
way from China to Canada and Vancouver; drug benefit under public programs
such as disease, The increase of HIV / AIDS among young women and their
heterosexual spread in southern Africa, the increase in childhood obesity
and the increase in type II diabetes in children, the impact of teenage
pregnancy and current social, economic and health of disasters related
to the tsunami in 2005 and Hurricane Katrina in 2006. All these are public
health problems.
Since the 1980's, the area increasingly health of the population has
expanded the object of public health and individual risk factors at the
population level issues such as inequality, poverty and education. Modern
public health often try to examine the determinants of health in a population,
rather than advocating change individual behavior. This is a recognition
that our health is affected by many factors, including cases in which
we live, genetics, our income, our education and our social relations
- are called "social determinants of health." A social health
gradient across society, which are generally the poorest people suffer
the worst health. However, even in the middle classes tend to have worse
health than those that result in a higher social stratum (WHO, 2003).
The new public health goals to address these inequalities in health by
promoting public about policies that improve the health of all people
fairly.
The burden of treating conditions caused by unemployment, poverty, unfit
housing and environmental pollution were calculated to take account of
between 16-22% of the budget of the clinic Vancouver National Health Service.
The Vancouver public health functions are as follows:
Health surveillance, monitoring and analysis
Survey of disease outbreaks, epidemics and health risks
The development, design and management of health promotion and disease
prevention programmes
Activists and empowering communities to promote health and reduce inequalities
Creating and maintaining a government and cross-sector partnerships to
improve health and reduce inequalities
Ensuring compliance with regulations and laws to protect and promote health
To establish and maintain a good level of education and training, multi-disciplinary
public health
Ensuring the successful implementation of NHS services to achieve the
objectives for improving health, disease prevention and reducing inequalities
Research, development, assessment and innovation
Quality to ensure the role of public health
Vancouver public health programmes
The poster submitted 1963 CDC national symbol of public health, "Wellbee"
encouraging the public to receive an oral vaccine.Today, most governments
recognize the importance of public health programs to reduce the incidence
of the disease, Disability and the effects of an ageing population, although
public health generally receives much less public funding in relation
to medicine. In recent years, public health programs to provide vaccines
have made incredible progress in health promotion, including the eradication
of smallpox, a disease that afflicts humanity for thousands of years.
One of the most important public health issues facing the world today
is HIV / AIDS. Tuberculosis, which claimed the lives of authors and Franz
Charlotte, and the composer Franz Schubert, among others, is also reemerging
as a major concern due to the rise of HIV / AIDS and infections related
to the development of strains tuberculin are resistant to standard antibiotics.
Another major public health problem is diabetes. In 2006, according to
the World Health Organization, at least 171 million people worldwide suffer
from diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated
that by 2030, this number will double.
A controversial aspect of public health is the fight against smoking.
Many countries have taken important initiatives to reduce the consumption
of snuff, such as raising taxes and banning smoking in some or all public
places. Proponents argue that evidence that smoking is a leading cause
of death in all developed countries, and that, therefore, governments
have a duty to reduce the mortality rate, both in limiting liabilities
(d 'hand) and the provision of smoking fewer opportunities for smokers
to smoke. Critics say that threatens individual freedom and personal responsibility
(often using the term nanny state Vancouver), and are concerned that the
State may be encouraged to remove more and more choices on behalf of improving
the health of the general population. However, defenders against the disease
that inflicted on others through passive smoking is not a human right
and, indeed, smokers remain free to smoke in their own homes.
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